Concrete is a blend of cement, mineral aggregates and other natural materials.  Therefore, it may have some natural imperfections.

The most prevalent concerns of homeowners are scaling and uniform appearance. Because of concrete's complexity, it takes a team effort to fight these potential problems.

This is also called flaking.  Most scaling can be prevented by:

The use of air entrained concrete
Your ready-mix producer and concrete contractor control the amount of air entrained in the concrete and the mix quality.

Proper finishing
The concrete contractor must be aware of the proper timing of the finishing operations, which can vary greatly depending on the weather.  Finishing too early or over finishing can result in a weak concrete surface, susceptible to scaling.

Judicious use of deicing salts
Calcium or sodium chloride salts on their own will not chemically damage or etch your concrete, but the fact that they do allow the surface to stay saturated with water can damage your concrete. Deicing products and fertilizers made with ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate can chemically attack the concrete, causing severe damage.

Deicing salts are not recommended in the first year and over the long haul should always be used judiciously.  Use plain sand instead.

Insufficient or no curing
Failure to properly cure your concrete often results in a weak surface skin which will be prone to scaling.  Although proper curing should be done by your concrete contractor, it is absolutely necessary that you and your contractor work together on this because the curing method is determined by your plans for ongoing maintenance.

It seems that most homeowners are looking for their concrete to turn white quickly and evenly.  In reality, the longer your concrete keeps its darker color, the better it is retaining moisture.  This will ultimately result in stronger, healthier concrete.

Your entire drive or walkway should even out in appearance over the first month after placement.  Variations of dark and light areas during this time are normal.

After reading this information, you will discover that you need to start at the end- that is the end result you want- and plan back to the beginning of your concrete construction to produce healthy, durable concrete.  For technical information on concrete mix, design and placement, refer to Ohio Ready Mixed Concrete Association's (ORMCA's) Industry Recommendation for Exterior Residential Concrete Flatwork.  If you have any additional questions regarding curing and sealing, we would welcome your call.  Contact the ORMCA office at 614/891-0210.